Basic Irish Letters: Difference between revisions

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{{Under Construction|section=true}}
{{Under Construction|section=true}}
Note that some combinations are not consistent, and vary pronunciation based on the word.
{|class="prettytable" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"
|-
! style="width:25pt;" | Letters
! style="width:25pt;" | IPA
! style="width:40pt;" | Valve Phoneme
! style="width:5pt;" | EX
! style="width:100pt;" | Phonetic Example
! style="width:300pt;" | Notes
|-
| ae || /e/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| ao || /i/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| aoi || /i/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | ea || /ᴂ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| /a/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| /ja/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| /iɑ:/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| ei || /ɛ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| eo || /o/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| ia || /iə/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| io || /ɪ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| oi || /ɪ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| ua || /uə/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| ui || /ɪ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| -(e)adh || /u/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -faidh || /i/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| /ɪ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
|  rowspan="2" | -fidh || /i/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|-
| /ɪ/ || ?? || <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> || ?? ||
|}


== Standard Consonants ==
== Standard Consonants ==

Revision as of 09:08, 26 June 2018

This article is currently being updated.
This article is being heavily updated due to new content or is being heavily worked on. This article may contain inaccurate information as well as discrepancies.

Introduction

Irish letters are classified into 2 distinct groups, referred to as broad and slender.

  • The broad (velarized) consonants b, c, f, g, m can sound as if they’re being followed by a very subtle “w”.
  • Slender (palatalized) consonants can sound as if they’re followed by a slight “y”.

Determining the correct group:

  • Of the vowels, a, o, and u are always broad, whereas e and i are always slender.
  • Consonants vary based on which group the closest vowel is in.
    • Examples: tae (‘t’ is broad), te (‘t’ is slender), taistil (the first ‘t’ is broad; ‘s’, the second ‘t’ and ‘l’ are all slender).
  • The vowels on either side of a consonant, or group of consonants, must both be slender or both be broad.
    • Examples: déanfaidh, rithfidh, leabharlann, páirceanna, cupán, cipín, madra, maidrín.
    • Note: There are some rare exceptions, such as anseo; ansin.

Vowels

Letter IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example
a /a/ AA <AudioButton>phoneme_0061.mp3</AudioButton> father, spa
á /ɑ:/ AO <AudioButton>phoneme_0061-02D0.mp3</AudioButton> call, far
e /ɛ/ EH <AudioButton>phoneme_025B.mp3</AudioButton> tell, get
é /e:/ EY <AudioButton>phoneme_0065-02D0.mp3</AudioButton> bait, pay
i /ɪ/ IH <AudioButton>phoneme_026A.mp3</AudioButton> in, hit
í /i:/ IY <AudioButton>phoneme_0069-02D0.mp3</AudioButton> tree, mean, he
o /ɔ/ AH <AudioButton>phoneme_0254.mp3</AudioButton> tug, wonder
ó /o:/ OW <AudioButton>phoneme_006F-02D0.mp3</AudioButton> roll, toe, road
u /ʌ/ UH <AudioButton>phoneme_028C.mp3</AudioButton> gut, fun
ú /u:/ UW <AudioButton>phoneme_0075-02D0.mp3</AudioButton> too, rude

Vowel Combinations

This section is currently being updated.
This section is being heavily updated due to new content or is being heavily worked on. This section may contain inaccurate information as well as discrepancies.

Note that some combinations are not consistent, and vary pronunciation based on the word.

Letters IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
ae /e/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ao /i/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
aoi /i/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ea /ᴂ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
/a/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
/ja/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
/iɑ:/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ei /ɛ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
eo /o/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ia /iə/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
io /ɪ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
oi /ɪ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ua /uə/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
ui /ɪ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
-(e)adh /u/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
-faidh /i/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
/ɪ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
-fidh /i/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??
/ɪ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_.mp3</AudioButton> ??

Standard Consonants

Broad Consonants
Letter IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
b /bˠ/ B <AudioButton>phoneme_0062-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> broom, boy
c /k/ K <AudioButton>phoneme_006B.mp3</AudioButton> cut, key
d /d̪ˠ/ D <AudioButton>phoneme_0064-032A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> do, under
f /fˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0066-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ??
g /ɡ/ G <AudioButton>phoneme_0261.mp3</AudioButton> goo, egg
h /h/ HH <AudioButton>phoneme_0068.mp3</AudioButton> honey, hello Neither broad nor slender
l /l̪ˠ/; /l/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_006C-032A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ?? occasionally /l/, which is considered neither broad nor slender
ll /l̪ˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_006C-032A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ??
m /mˠ/ M <AudioButton>phoneme_006D-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> moo, woman
n /n̪ˠ/; /n/ N <AudioButton>phoneme_006E-032A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> not, under occasionally /n/, which is considered neither broad nor slender
p /pˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0070-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ??
r /ɾˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_027E-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ?? always broad word-initially; always broad in rd, rl, rn, rr, rs, rt, rth, sr
s /sˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0073-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ??
t /t̪ˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0074-032A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ??
v /w/~/vˠ/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> ?? loan consonant
z /zˠ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_007A-02E0.mp3</AudioButton> ?? loan consonant
Slender Consonants
Letter IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
b /bʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0062-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ??
c /c/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0063.mp3</AudioButton> ??
d /dʑ/ JH <AudioButton>phoneme_0064-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> fidget, fridge /dʲ/ in other dialects*
f /fʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0066-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ??
g /ɟ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_025F.mp3</AudioButton> ?? Not in Wikipedia*
h /h/ HH <AudioButton>phoneme_0068.mp3</AudioButton> honey, hello Neither broad nor slender
l /lʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_006C-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> million, will you
ll /lʲ/; /l̪ʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_006C-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ?? occasionally /l̪ʲ/
m /mʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_006D-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ??
n /nʲ/ N Y <AudioButton>phoneme_006E-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> sinew, minion
p /pʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0070-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ??
r /ɾʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_027E-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ?? always broad word-initially; always broad in rd, rl, rn, rr, rs, rt, rth, sr
s /ɕ/ SH <AudioButton>phoneme_0283.mp3</AudioButton> ship, wish /ʃ/ in other dialects*
t /tʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0074-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ??
v /vʲ/ ?? <AudioButton>phoneme_0076-02B2.mp3</AudioButton> ?? loan consonant
z /ʑ/ ZH <AudioButton>phoneme_0292.mp3</AudioButton> vision loan consonant; /ʒ/ in other dialects*

Lenited Consonants

Lenition changes the sound of a letter by adding the letter "h". The consonant sound is then regarded as "softened".

Lenited Broad Consonants
Letter IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
bh /w/ W <AudioButton></AudioButton> wow, tower
ch /x/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> loch (Scottish), Nacht (German)
dh /ɣ/ — <AudioButton></AudioButton> (no equivalent) /ɣ/ word-initially; silent after a long vowel
fh silent <SIL> — (silent)
gh /ɣ/ — <AudioButton></AudioButton> (no equivalent) /ɣ/ word-initially; silent after a long vowel
mh /w/ W <AudioButton></AudioButton> wow, tower
ph /fˠ/ F <AudioButton></AudioButton> follow, telephone
sh /h/ HH <AudioButton></AudioButton> honey, hello
th /h/ HH <AudioButton></AudioButton> honey, hello Silent if at the end of a syllable
Lenited Slender Consonants
Letter IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
bh /vʲ/ V <AudioButton></AudioButton> village, eve
ch /ç/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> hue (pronounced strongly); ?? used unless between vowels
/h/ HH <AudioButton></AudioButton> honey, hello only used between vowels
dh /ʝ/ Y <AudioButton></AudioButton> yell, eye?
fh silent <SIL> — (silent)
gh /ʝ/ Y <AudioButton></AudioButton> yell, eye?
mh /vʲ/ V <AudioButton></AudioButton> village, eve
ph /fʲ/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> ??
sh /h/ HH <AudioButton></AudioButton> honey, hello
th /h/ HH <AudioButton></AudioButton> honey, hello Silent if at the end of a syllable

Eclipsed Consonants

Eclipsis inserts a letter at the beginning of a word. This letter "eclipses", or supresses the existing first letter, so that only the new letter is pronounced.

Eclipsed Broad Consonants
Letter Additive Original IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
bhf bh f /w/ W <AudioButton></AudioButton> wow, tower
bp b p /bˠ/ B <AudioButton></AudioButton> broom, boy
dt d t /d̪ˠ/ D <AudioButton></AudioButton> do, under
gc g c /ɡ/ G <AudioButton></AudioButton> goo, egg
mb m b /mˠ/ M <AudioButton></AudioButton> moo, woman
nd n d /n̪ˠ/ N <AudioButton></AudioButton> not, under occasionally /nˠ/
ng n g /ŋ/ NG <AudioButton></AudioButton> wing, thing
Eclipsed Slender Consonants
Letter Additive Original IPA Valve Phoneme EX Phonetic Example Notes
bhf bh f /vʲ/ V <AudioButton></AudioButton> village, eve
bp b p /bʲ/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> ??
dt d t /dʑ/ JH <AudioButton></AudioButton> fidget, fridge /dʲ/ in other dialects
gc g c /ɟ/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> ??
mb m b /mʲ/ ?? <AudioButton></AudioButton> ??
nd n d /nʲ/ N Y <AudioButton></AudioButton> sinew, minion
ng n g /ŋ/ NG <AudioButton></AudioButton> wing, thing

Sources

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